description n explanation

COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Indonesia is an independent republic consisting of more than 17,500 islands spread over 3,400 miles along the Equator. The main islands are Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan (Borneo), Sulawesi (Celebes), Papua, Halmahera, and Seram. The capital city of Jakarta lies in the lowlands of West Java, the most populated island. The country has approximately 246,000,000 people and more than 300 ethnic groups.
Indonesia's geographic location and topography make the country prone to natural disasters, especially seismic upheaval due to its location on the "Ring of Fire", an arc of volcanoes and fault lines encircling the Pacific Basin. Indonesia is a developing country with a growing economy and severe infrastructure shortcomings. Half of the population lives on under U.S. $2 per day. However, it has many tourist destinations associated with the country's cultural diversity and natural resources. To have a safe and pleasant stay in Indonesia, U.S. travelers and residents must be aware of their surroundings, take personal responsibility for their wellbeing and be prepared to care for themselves in an emergency. Read the Department of State Background Notes on Indonesia for additional information.

RESPIRATORY
How does a Bird's Lungs Work?
By: Petey & Petunia
Birds have extremely delicate respiratory systems. Whatever
a bird breathes is circulated through the bird's body.
The lungs in birds operate quite differently than those in humans
and other animals.
Birds have two relatively small lungs and in the lungs are bellows-like
air sacs. These air sacs keep the lungs perpetually inflated.
Bird lungs have an opening on each end through which air flows
into the interconnected air sacs in the neck, chest, and
abdomen. Most birds have four paired air sacs, plus a single
unpaired sac for a total of nine. Some of the air sacs also
enter into bones.
Birds require two complete inspirations and two complete
expirations to circulate air through their respiratory tracts.
Humans, by comparison, require one inhalation and one exhalation.
There is a one way flow of air in their lungs...thus the lungs receive
fresh air during inhalation and again during exhalation
In the bird's respiratory system, air first flows through air sacs
that direct fresh, oxygenated air into the lungs where gas
exchange occurs, both when the bird inhales and when it exhales.

recount going to bromo

Have you ever been to the mountains? The air of the mountain is so fresh.
One of the famous mountains in Indonesia is Mount Bromo.


Dear Anita,

Hi! How are you Anita? I hope everything is all right. I’ll tell you my last holiday.
Last week I went to east Java for holiday. On the first day I went to Mount Bromo. I stayed at my uncle’s house at Cemara Lawang, Probolinggo. It has a big garden with lots of colorful flowers and a fish pond.
The next day my aunt, my uncle and I saw Gunung Batok and went on scenic ride on horse back. It was scary. Then we went to get a closer look at the mountain. We took a picture of beautiful sceneries there.
On the last day we went to the zoo at Wonokromo. We saw cockatoos having shower. In the afternoon we went home. It was fun.

Love.
(Reni)

Generic Structure

* A general statement to position the reader

* A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.

explanation respiratory

The Human Respiratory System
The Pathway
• Air enters the nostrils
• passes through the nasopharynx,
• the oral pharynx
• through the glottis
• into the trachea
• into the right and left bronchi, which branches and rebranches into
• bronchioles, each of which terminates in a cluster of
• alveoli
Only in the alveoli does actual gas exchange takes place. There are some 300 million alveoli in two adult lungs. These provide a surface area of some 160 m2 (almost equal to the singles area of a tennis court and 80 times the area of our skin!).
Breathing
In mammals, the diaphragm divides the body cavity into the
• abdominal cavity, which contains the viscera (e.g., stomach and intestines) and the
• thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs.
The inner surface of the thoracic cavity and the outer surface of the lungs are lined with pleural membranes which adhere to each other. If air is introduced between them, the adhesion is broken and the natural elasticity of the lung causes it to collapse. This can occur from trauma. And it is sometimes induced deliberately to allow the lung to rest. In either case, reinflation occurs as the air is gradually absorbed by the tissues.
Because of this adhesion, any action that increases the volume of the thoracic cavity causes the lungs to expand, drawing air into them.
• During inspiration (inhaling),
o The external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs up and out.
o The diaphragm contracts, drawing it down .
• During expiration (exhaling), these processes are reversed and the natural elasticity of the lungs returns them to their normal volume. At rest, we breath 15–18 times a minute exchanging about 500 ml of air.
• In more vigorous expiration,
o The internal intercostal muscles draw the ribs down and inward
o The wall of the abdomen contracts pushing the stomach and liver upward.
Under these conditions, an average adult male can flush his lungs with about 4 liters of air at each breath. This is called the vital capacity. Even with maximum expiration, about 1200 ml of residual air remain.
The table shows what happens to the composition of air when it reaches the alveoli. Some of the oxygen dissolves in the film of moisture covering the epithelium of the alveoli. From here it diffuses into the blood in a nearby capillary. It enters a red blood cell and combines with the hemoglobin therein.
At the same time, some of the carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveoli from which it can be exhaled.







The ease with which oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass between air and blood is clear from this electron micrograph of two alveoli (Air) and an adjacent capillary from the lung of a laboratory mouse. Note the thinness of the epithelial cells (EP) that line the alveoli and capillary (except where the nucleus is located). At the closest point, the surface of the red blood cell is only 0.7 µm away from the air in the alveolus. (Reproduced with permission from Keith R. Porter and Mary A. Bonneville, An Introduction to the Fine Structure of Cells and Tissues, 4th. ed., Lea & Febiger, 1973.)

bunglon

kuda laut